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“... merely a quaint work of prophesy, dwarfed by the vastly successful science it helped to inspire? Stuart Kauffman believes that it’s time to return to Schrödinger’s hopes and the questions he asked. His title echoes Wittgenstein, with whose Philosophical Investigations he sometimes labours to link his project, but the deeper connection is with the ...”

“... centres as the Santa Fe Institute, set up to promote the study of these fringe disciplines. When Stuart Kauffman of the Institute announces that he has computer models to prove life must emerge from any sufficiently complex chemical milieu and that such generation of order accounts for (among other things) Evolution, the evolutionary biologist John ...”

“... natural selection, the programmed order of genes and the non-programmed ‘order for free’, as Stuart Kauffman has called it, generated within certain types of complex system. Historical contingency, too, has a role in the new synthesis. Simon Conway Morris has argued that if the Earth hadn’t been hit by the meteorite that probably made the ...”

“... the exciting theoretical work of complexity theorists such as Christopher Langton, Don Farmer and Stuart Kauffman was not incorporated into Keller’s synthesis. It’s clear that genes have a very real physical and chemical existence, and that the ‘gene kit’ and associated DNA regulatory components of a given species constitute a basic starting ...”

“... How can patterns, whether biological, social or cultural, be generated without programs? Stuart Kauffman, among others, has attempted to simulate the emergent behaviour of abstract networks by using computers, for which purposes it is irrelevant whether the interconnected components are ants, people, communities, molecules or competing ...”